Tlhaloso ea mantsoe a motheo a baeloji ea limolek'hule
1. cDNA le cccDNA: cDNA ke DNA e nang le mahlakore a mabeli e entsoeng ka reverse transcriptase ho tloha mRNA;cccDNA ke plasmid e selika-likoe ea DNA e nang le likhoele tse peli e se nang chromosome.
2. Setsi sa ho phutha se tloaelehileng: protheine ea bobeli ea sebopeho sa α-helix le β-sheet e ka etsa li-blocks tsa sebopeho ka litokisetso tse khethehileng tsa geometri ka li-polypeptide tse fapaneng tse kopanyang.Mofuta ona oa ho mena o ikemiselitseng hangata o bitsoa sebopeho sa super secondary.Hoo e batlang e le meaho eohle ea thuto e phahameng e ka hlalosoa ka mefuta ena ea ho mena, esita le mefuta ea eona e kopaneng, kahoo e boetse e bitsoa li-unit tse tloaelehileng tsa ho phutha.
3. CAP: cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) receptor protein CRP (cAMP receptor protein), e rarahaneng e entsoeng ka mor'a motsoako oa cAMP le CRP e bitsoa activating protein CAP (cAMP activated protein)
4. Tatelano ea Palindromic: Tatelano e ka morao e tlatsanang ea karolo ea sekhechana sa DNA, hangata e le sebaka sa thibelo ea enzyme.
5. micRNA: Tlatsetso e sitisang RNA kapa antisense RNA, e tlatsanang le tatelano ya mRNA mme e ka thibela phetolelo ya mRNA.
6. Ribozyme: RNA e nang le ts'ebetso ea catalytic, e bapalang karolo ea autocatalytic ts'ebetsong ea splicing ea RNA.
7. Motifi: Ho na le libaka tse ling tsa lehae tse nang le sebopeho se tšoanang sa mahlakore a mararo le topology sebopehong sa sebaka sa limolek'hule tsa protheine.
8. Signal peptide: peptide e nang le masala a 15-36 amino acid ho N-terminus nakong ea protheine synthesis, e tataisang transmembrane ea protheine.
9. Attenuator: Tatelano ea nucleotide pakeng tsa sebaka sa opereishene le gene ea sebopeho e felisang mongolo.
10. Sebaka sa Boselamose: Ha libaktheria li ntse li hōla 'me li kopana le khaello e feletseng ea li-amino acid, libaktheria li tla hlahisa karabo ea tšohanyetso ho emisa polelo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsohle.Matshwao a hlahisang karabo ena ya tshohanyetso ke guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) le guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp).Karolo ea PpGpp le pppGpp hase feela operes e le 'ngoe kapa tse seng kae, empa e ama palo e kholo ea tsona, kahoo li bitsoa li-super-regulators kapa libaka tsa boselamose.
11. Upstream promoter element: e bua ka tatellano ea DNA e phethang karolo ea taolo mosebetsing oa mothetsi, joalo ka TATA sebakeng sa -10, TGACA sebakeng sa -35, li-enhancers, le li-attenuators.
12. DNA probe: karolo e ngotsoeng ea DNA e nang le tatellano e tsebahalang, e sebelisoang haholo ho lemoha tatelano e sa tsejoeng le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa skrine.
13. Tatelano ea SD: Ke tatelano e tlamang ea ribosome le mRNA, e laolang phetolelo.
14. Monoclonal Antibody: Selwantsha-mogare se se dirang fela kgatlhanong le selwantsha-mogare se le sengwe fela.
15. Cosmid: Ke vector ea DNA e entsoeng ka maiketsetso e bolokang libaka tsa COS lipheletsong tse peli tsa phage 'me e hokahane le plasmid.
16. Ho hlahlojoa ha letheba le bosoeu: LacZ gene (encoding β-galactosidase), enzyme e ka senya chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) ho hlahisa putsoa, kahoo ho etsa hore khatello e be putsoa.Ha DNA e sa tloaelehang e kenngoa, mofuta oa LacZ o ke ke oa hlahisoa, 'me khatello e tšoeu, e le ho hlahloba libaktheria tse kopanyang hape.Sena se bitsoa blue-white screening.
17. Cis-acting element: Tatelano e itseng ea metheo ho DNA e laolang tlhahiso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.
18. Enzyme ea Klenow: Sekhechana se seholo sa DNA polymerase I, ntle le hore tšebetso ea 5' 3' exonuclease e tlosoa ho DNA polymerase I holoenzyme.
19. Anchored PCR: e sebelisetsoa ho holisa DNA ea thahasello ka tatellano e tsejoang pheletsong e 'ngoe.Mohatla oa poly-dG o ile oa eketsoa pheletsong e le 'ngoe ea tatellano e sa tsejoeng, ebe poly-dC le tatellano e tsebahalang li ile tsa sebelisoa e le li-primer for PCR amplification.
20. Protheine ea Fusion: Lefutso la protheine ea eukaryotic e hokahane le gene e sa tloaelehang, 'me protheine e entsoeng ka phetolelo ea protheine ea pele ea liphatsa tsa lefutso le protheine ea ka ntle e hlahisoa ka nako e le' ngoe.
Mantsoe a mang a biology ea limolek'hule
1. 'Mapa oa tlhaho oa DNA ke tatellano eo likaroloana tsa (thibelo endonuclease-digested) tsa molek'hule ea DNA li hlophisitsoeng.
2. The cleavage ea RNase e arotsoe ka mefuta e 'meli (autocatalysis) le (heterocatalysis).
3. Ho na le lintlha tse tharo tse qalang ho prokaryotes ke (IF-1), (IF-2) le (IF-3).
4. Liprotheine tsa Transmembrane li hloka tataiso (li-peptide tsa matšoao), 'me karolo ea protheine chaperones ke (e thusa ho mena ketane ea peptide ho lumellana le tlhaho ea protheine).
5. Likarolo tse ho batšehetsi ka kakaretso li ka aroloa ka mefuta e 'meli: (lintlha tsa mantlha tsa promoter) le (lintlha tsa promotor ea holimo).
6. Litaba tsa lipatlisiso tsa baeloji ea limolek'hule haholo-holo li kenyelletsa likarolo tse tharo: (structural molecular biology), (gene expression and regulation), le (DNA recombination technology).
7. Liteko tse peli tsa bohlokoa tse bontšang hore DNA ke liphatsa tsa lefutso ke (pneumococcus tšoaetso ea litoeba) le (T2 phage tšoaetso ea Escherichia coli).bokhoni).
8. Ho na le liphapang tse peli tse ka sehloohong pakeng tsa hnRNA le mRNA: (hnRNA e arotsoe ka mokhoa oa ho fetolela mRNA), (qetellong ea 5' ea mRNA e eketsoa ka cap m7pGppp, 'me ho na le polyadenylation e eketsehileng qetellong ea 3' ea mRNA acid (polyA) mohatla).
9. Melemo ea mefuta e mengata ea liprotheine ke (subunit ke mokhoa oa moruo bakeng sa tšebeliso ea DNA), (e ka fokotsa tšusumetso ea liphoso tse sa reroang ka protheine synthesis ka mosebetsi oa protheine), (mosebetsi o ka ba hantle haholo 'me ka potlako oa buloa le ho koaloa).
10. Litaba tse ka sehloohong tsa mokhoa oa ho phutha liprotheine thuto ea pele ea nucleation e kenyelletsa (nucleation), (ntlafatso ea moralo), (ho hlophisa bocha ho qetela).
11. Galactose e na le phello e 'meli ho libaktheria;ka lehlakoreng le leng (e ka sebelisoa e le mohloli oa carbon bakeng sa kholo ea lisele);ka lehlakoreng le leng (e boetse e le karolo ea lerako la sele).Ka hona, k'hamphani ea S2 e ikemetseng ea cAMP-CRP e hlokahala bakeng sa motsoako o sa feleng boemong ba morao;ka nako e ts'oanang, motlatsi oa S1 ea itšetlehileng ka cAMP-CRP e hlokahala ho laola motsoako oa boemo bo phahameng.Transcript e qala ho tloha ( S2 ) ka G le ho tloha ( S1 ) ntle le G.
12. Theknoloji ea Recombinant DNA e boetse e tsejoa e le (gene cloning) kapa (molecular cloning).Sepheo sa ho qetela ke (ho fetisetsa boitsebiso ba liphatsa tsa lefutso DNA nthong e 'ngoe ho ea ho se seng).Teko e tloaelehileng ea ho kopanya DNA hangata e kenyelletsa mehato e latelang: (1) Ntša phatsa ea lefutso (kapa exogenous gene) ea sebōpuoa sa mofani, 'me ka mokhoa oa enzymatic e hokahane le molek'hule o mong oa DNA (cloning vector) ho etsa molek'hule o mocha oa DNA.② Molek'hule ea recombinant DNA e fetisetsoa ka seleng ea moamoheli ebe e kopitsoa ka seleng ea moamoheli.Mokhoa ona o bitsoa phetoho.③ Hlakola 'me u khetholle lisele tse amohelang DNA e ncha.④ Hlaolela lisele tse nang le li-recombinant DNA ka bongata ho bona hore na liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa kantle ho naha li hlahisoa.
13. Ho na le mefuta e 'meli ea replication ea plasmid: tse laoloang ka thata ke liprotheine tsa lisele tse amohelang li bitsoa (li-plasmids tse tiileng),' me tse sa laoloeng ka thata ke motsoako oa liprotheine tsa sele li bitsoa (li-plasmids tse phutholohileng).
14. Sistimi ea karabelo ea PCR e lokela ho ba le maemo a latelang: a.Li-primer tsa DNA (lihlopha tse ka bang 20) tse nang le tatellano e tlatsanang ntlheng e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea likhoele tse peli tsa lefutso le reretsoeng ho aroloa.b.Li-enzyme tse nang le botsitso ba mocheso joalo ka: TagDNA polymerase.c, dNTPd, DNA tatelano ea thahasello e le template
15. Ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea karabelo ea PCR e kenyelletsa mekhahlelo e meraro: (denaturation), (annealing), le (extension).
16. Ts'ebetso ea mantlha ea liphoofolo tse sa fetoheng hangata e kenyelletsa: ①Kenyelletso ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tse kopaneng ka har'a khubu ea lehe le emolisitsoeng kapa embryonic stem cell;②Ho fetisetsoa ha lehe le nonneng kapa sele ea embryonic ka popelong ea mosali;③ Kholiso e felletseng ea embryonic Bakeng sa bana ba nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa kantle ho naha;④ Sebelisa liphoofolo tsena tse ka hlahisang liprotheine tsa kantle ho naha e le lihlahisoa tsa ho ikatisa ho tsoalisa mela e mecha ea homozygous.
17. Hybridoma cell line li hlahisoa ke hybridizing (spleen B) lisele tse nang le (myeloma) lisele, 'me kaha (lisele tsa spleen) li ka sebelisa hypoxanthine le (lisele tsa masapo) li fana ka mesebetsi ea karohano ea lisele, li ka hōlileng ka HAT medium.hola.
18. Ka ho teba ha lipatlisiso, moloko oa pele oa li-antibodies o bitsoa (polyclonal antibodies), moloko oa bobeli (li-antibodies tsa monoclonal), le moloko oa boraro (li-antibodies tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso).
19. Hona joale, boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa likokoana-hloko tsa likokoanyana bo lebisitsoe haholo-holo ho baculovirus, e bonahatsoang ha ho kenyelletsoa (liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa chefo ea exogenous);(liphatsa tsa lefutso tse senyang mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa bophelo ba likokoanyana);(phetoho ea liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa kokoana-hloko).
20. Lintho tsa liprotheine tsa trans-acting tse tsamaellanang le lintho tse tloaelehileng tsa TATA, GC, le CAAT ho mammalian RNA polymerase II promoter ke (TFIID), (SP-1) le (CTF / NF1), ka ho latellana.
mashome a mabeli a motso o le mong.Lintlha tsa motheo tsa mongolo oa RNA polymerase Ⅱ ke, TFⅡ-A, TFⅡ-B, TFII-D, TFⅡ-E, 'me tatellano ea tsona e tlamang ke: (D, A, B, E).Moo ts'ebetso ea TFII-D e leng (e tlamang lebokose la TATA).
mashome a mabeli le metso e 'meli.Boholo ba lintlha tse ngotsoeng tse tlamang DNA li sebetsa ka mokhoa oa dimers.Likarolo tse sebetsang tsa lintlha tse ngotsoeng tse tlamang DNA hangata ke tse latelang (helix-turn-helix), (zinc finger motif), (basic-leucine) zipper motif).
mashome a mabeli a metso e meraro.Ho na le mefuta e meraro ea lithibelo tsa endonuclease cleavage modes: (seha ka lehlakoreng la 5' la symmetry axis ho hlahisa lipheletso tse khomarelang tse 5), (khaola ka lehlakoreng la 3' la symmetry axis ho hlahisa lipheletso tse 3" tse khomarelang (khaola ho symmetry axis ho hlahisa likarolo tse bataletseng) ).
mashome a mabeli le metso e mene.Plasmid DNA e na le litlhophiso tse tharo tse fapaneng: (SC configuration), (oc configuration), (L configuration).Ea pele ho electrophoresis ke (SC configuration).
25. Litsamaiso tsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa Exogenous, haholo-holo (Escherichia coli), (Tomoso), (Sekokoanyana) le (tafole ea lisele tsa Mammalian).
26. Mekhoa e atisang ho sebelisoa bakeng sa liphoofolo tsa transgenic ke: (mokhoa oa tšoaetso ea retroviral), (DNA microinjection method), (mokhoa oa embryonic stem cell).
Tšebeliso ea biology ea molek'hule
1. Bolela mesebetsi ea li-RNA tse fetang 5?
Transfer RNA tRNA Transfer amino acid Ribosome RNA rRNA Ribosome constitutes messenger RNA mRNA Protein synthesis template Heterogeneous nuclear RNA hnRNA Precursor of mature mRNA nuclear nyenyane RNA snRNA E kenyelelitsoe ho hnRNA splicing/Plassine synthesis RNA Sloven7Plassine RNAs-RNAs-RNAS-RNAS-RNA-SnRNA temoho ea lets'oao likarolo tsa 'mele Antisense RNA anRNA/micRNA E Laola polelo ea gene Ribozyme RNA Enzymatically active RNA
2. Phapang e kholo ke efe pakeng tsa bahlahisi ba prokaryotic le eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic TTGACA --- TATAAT-------Qalo Sebaka-35 -10 Eukaryotic Enhancer---GC ---CAAT----TATAA-5mGpp-Qalong-110 -70 -25
3. Likarolo tse ka sehloohong tsa kaho ea maiketsetso ea li-plasmids tsa tlhaho ke life?
Hangata li-plasmids tsa tlhaho li na le likoli, kahoo ha lia lokela ho sebelisoa e le bajari ba liphatsa tsa lefutso, 'me li tlameha ho fetoloa le ho hahoa: a.Eketsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse loketseng tsa ho khetha, joalo ka tse peli kapa ho feta, tseo ho leng bonolo ho li sebelisa bakeng sa khetho, hangata liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lithibela-mafu.b.Eketsa kapa fokotsa libaka tse loketseng tsa ho seha li-enzyme ho thusa ho kopanya hape.c.Fokotsa bolelele, khaola likhechana tse sa hlokahaleng, ntlafatsa ts'ebetso ea ho kenya le ho eketsa matla a ho laela.d.Fetola replicon, ho tloha ho e thata ho ea ho e hlephileng, ho tloha ho tse fokolang ho isa ho tse ling tse ngata.e.Kenya likarolo tse khethehileng tsa lefutso ho latela litlhoko tse khethehileng tsa boenjiniere ba liphatsa tsa lefutso
4. Fana ka mohlala oa mokhoa oa ho hlahlobisisa ka mokhoa o fapaneng oa cDNA e khethehileng ea lisele?
Lisele tse peli tsa lisele li lokisoa, liphatsa tsa lefutso tse lebisitsoeng li hlahisoa kapa li hlahisoa haholo ho e 'ngoe ea lisele,' me phatsa ea lefutso ha e hlalosoe kapa e hlahisoa ka mokhoa o tlaase ka seleng e 'ngoe, ebe mofuta oa lefutso o fumanoa ka ho kopanya le ho bapisa.Mohlala, nakong ea ketsahalo le nts'etsopele ea lihlahala, lisele tsa tumor li tla hlahisa li-mRNA ka maemo a fapaneng a polelo ho feta lisele tse tloaelehileng.Ka hona, liphatsa tsa lefutso tse amanang le hlahala li ka hlahlojoa ka ho kopanya ka mokhoa o fapaneng.Mokhoa oa induction o ka boela oa sebelisoa ho lekola liphatsa tsa lefutso tseo polelo ea tsona e hlahisoang.
5. Ho hlahisa le ho hlahloba mela ea lisele tsa hybridoma?
Lisele tsa spleen B + lisele tsa myeloma, eketsa polyethylene glycol (PEG) ho khothaletsa fusion ea sele, 'me lisele tsa splenic B-myeloma fusion tse hōlileng ka HAT medium (e nang le hypoxanthine, aminopterin, T) li tsoela pele ho atolosa phepo.Motsoako oa lisele o na le: lisele tsa spleen-spleen fusion: ha li khone ho hola, lisele tsa spleen li ke ke tsa hlahisoa ka in vitro.Lisele tsa fusion ea masapo: ha li khone ho sebelisa hypoxanthine, empa li ka kopanya purine ka tsela ea bobeli li sebelisa folate reductase.Aminopterin e thibela folate reductase ka hona ha e khone ho hola.Lisele tsa fusion ea masapo: li ka hola ho HAT, lisele tsa spleen li ka sebelisa hypoxanthine, 'me lisele tsa masapo li fana ka tšebetso ea karohano ea lisele.
6. Molao-motheo le mokhoa oa ho khetholla sebopeho sa mantlha sa DNA ke life ka mokhoa oa dideoxy terminal termination (mokhoa oa Sanger)?
Molao-motheo ke ho sebelisa nucleotide chain terminator-2,,3,-dideoxynucleotide ho felisa katoloso ea DNA.Kaha ha e na 3-OH e hlokahalang bakeng sa ho thehoa ha li-bond tsa 3/5 / phosphodiester, hang ha li kenngoa ka har'a ketane ea DNA, ketane ea DNA e ke ke ea atolosoa hape.Ho ea ka molao-motheo oa ho kopanya ha motheo, neng kapa neng ha DNA polymerase e hloka dNMP ho kenya letsoho ketane ea DNA e atolositsoeng ka tloaelo, ho na le menyetla e 'meli, e' ngoe ke ho kenya letsoho ho ddNTP, e leng se fellang ka ho felisoa ha ketane ea deoxynucleotide;e 'ngoe ke ho kenya letsoho ho dNTP, e le hore ketane ea DNA e ntse e ka tsoela pele ho atolosa ho fihlela ddNTP e latelang e kenngoa.Ho latela mokhoa ona, sehlopha sa likhechana tsa DNA tsa bolelele bo fapaneng tse qetellang ka ddNTP li ka fumanoa.Mokhoa ke ho arola lihlopha tse 'nè ka ho latellana ddAMP, ddGMP, ddCMP, le ddTMP.Kamora karabelo, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis e ka bala tatellano ea DNA ho latela lihlopha tsa ho sesa.
7. Phello e ntle ea taolo ea activator protein (CAP) ho transcript ke efe?
Cyclic adenylate (cAMP) receptor protein CRP (cAMP receptor protein), e rarahaneng e entsoeng ka motsoako oa cAMP le CRP e bitsoa CAP (cAMPactivated protein).Ha E. coli e lengoa sebakeng se hlokang tsoekere, motsoako oa CAP oa eketseha, 'me CAP e na le mosebetsi oa ho kenya li-protectors tse kang lactose (Lac).Batšehetsi ba bang ba itšetlehileng ka CRP ha ba na mokhoa o tloaelehileng oa tatellano ea libaka -35 (TTGACA) eo bahlahisi ba tloaelehileng ba nang le eona.Ka hona, ho thata hore RNA polymerase e tlamehe ho eona.Ho ba teng ha CAP (ts'ebetso): ho ka ntlafatsa haholo ts'ebetso e tlamang ea enzyme le moetapele.Haholo-holo e bonts'a lintlha tse peli tse latelang: ① CAP e thusa molek'hule ea enzyme hore e tsamaise ka nepo ka ho fetola sebopeho sa motšehetsi le tšebelisano le enzyme, e le ho kopana le sebaka sa -10 le ho bapala karolo ea ho nkela sebaka sa -35 sebaka.②CAP e ka boela ea thibela ho tlama RNA polymerase libakeng tse ling tsa DNA, kahoo e eketsa monyetla oa ho tlama motšehetsi oa eona ea khethehileng.
8. Ke mehato efe e atisang ho akarelletsoa tekong e tloaelehileng ea ho kopanya DNA?
a.Ntša phatsa ea lefutso (kapa exogenous gene) ea setho sa mofani, 'me ka enzymatically e hokahane le molek'hule e' ngoe ea DNA (cloning vector) ho theha molek'hule e ncha ea DNA.b.Fetisetsa molek'hule ea recombinant DNA ka seleng ea moamoheli 'me u e ikatise le ho e boloka seleng ea moamoheli.Mokhoa ona o bitsoa phetoho.c.Hlakola 'me u khetholle lisele tsa moamoheli tse amohetseng DNA e kopaneng.d.Meetlo ea bongata lisele tse nang le DNA e nchafalitsoeng ho bona hore na mofuta oa thuso oa kantle o hlahisoa.
9. Kaho ea laebrari ea liphatsa tsa lefutso Ho fanoe ka mekhoa e meraro ea tlhahlobo ea li-recombinants mme ts'ebetso e hlalosoa ka bokhutšoanyane.
Tlhahlobo ea lithibela-mafu ho hanyetsa, ho kenya tšebetsong ho hanyetsa, ho hlahloba letheba le bosoeu bo boputsoa kapa ho hlahloba PCR, tlhahlobo ea phapang, DNA probe Likokoana-hloko tse ngata tsa cloning li na le liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa lithibela-mafu (anti-ampicillin, tetracycline).Ha plasmid e fetisetsoa ho Escherichia coli, libaktheria li tla fumana khanyetso, 'me tse se nang phetiso li ke ke tsa ba le khanyetso.Empa ha e khone ho khetholla hore na e hlophisitsoe bocha kapa che.Ka har'a vector e nang le liphatsa tsa lefutso tse peli tsa ho hanyetsa, haeba sekhechana sa DNA se tsoang kantle se kengoa ho e 'ngoe ea liphatsa tsa lefutso 'me se etsa hore gene e se ke ea sebetsa, li-control tse peli tse nang le lithethefatsi tse fapaneng li ka sebelisoa ho hlahloba li-recombinants tse ntle.Ka mohlala, pUC plasmid e na le mofuta oa LacZ (encoding β-galactosidase), e ka senyang chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) ho hlahisa blue , kahoo ho fetola khatello e le putsoa.Ha DNA e tsoang linaheng tse ling e kenngoa, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa LacZ li ke ke tsa hlahisoa, 'me khatello e tšoeu, e le ho hlahloba libaktheria tse kopanyang hape.
10. Hlalosa mokhoa oa motheo oa ho fumana liphoofolo tse fetotsoeng ka lisele tsa embryonic stem?
Embryonic stem cell (ES) ke lisele tse embryonic nakong ea tsoelo-pele ea embryonic, e ka hlahisoang ka mokhoa oa maiketsetso le ho ata le ho ba le mosebetsi oa ho khetholla mefuta e meng ea lisele.Tloaelo ea lisele tsa ES: Boima ba lisele tse ka hare tsa blastocyst bo arotsoe ebile bo hōlile.Ha ES e entsoe ka lera le se nang phepo, e tla ikarola ka lisele tse fapaneng tse sebetsang joalo ka lisele tsa mesifa le N lisele.Ha e entsoe ka mokhoa o nang le fibroblasts, ES e tla boloka mosebetsi oa ho khetholla.ES e ka sebelisoa ka liphatsa tsa lefutso, 'me mosebetsi oa eona oa ho khetholla o ka kopanngoa ntle le ho ama mosebetsi oa eona oa ho khetholla, o rarollang bothata ba ho kopanya ka tšohanyetso.Hlahisa liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa exogenous ka har'a lisele tsa embryonic stem, ebe u li kenya ka popelong ea litoeba tse moimana, li fetoha malinyane, 'me li tšele ho fumana litoeba tsa homozygous.
