Likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic ke likokoana-hloko tse ka hlaselang 'mele oa motho, tsa baka tšoaetso esita le mafu a tšoaetsanoang, kapa likokoana-hloko.Har'a likokoana-hloko, libaktheria le likokoana-hloko ke tsona tse kotsi ka ho fetisisa.

Tšoaetso ke e 'ngoe ea lisosa tse ka sehloohong tsa ho kula le lefu la batho.Mathoasong a lekholo la bo20 la lilemo, ho sibolloa ha meriana e thibelang likokoana-hloko ho ile ha fetola phekolo ea sejoale-joale, ea fa batho “sebetsa” sa ho loantša tšoaetso, hape ea etsa hore ho khonehe ho buuoa, ho kenya litho tsa ’mele le ho phekola kankere.Leha ho le joalo, ho na le mefuta e mengata ea likokoana-hloko tse bakang mafu a tšoaetsanoang, ho akarelletsa likokoana-hloko, libaktheria, li-fungus le likokoana-hloko tse ling.E le ho ntlafatsa tlhahlobo le kalafo ea mafu a fapaneng, le ho sireletsa bophelo ba batho

Bophelo bo botle bo hloka mekhoa e nepahetseng le e potlakileng ea tlhahlobo ea bongaka.Joale mekhoa ea ho lemoha microbiological ke efe?

01 Mokhoa oa setso oa ho lemoha

Ts'ebetsong ea ho lemoha ka tloaelo likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic, boholo ba tsona li hloka ho silafatsoa, ​​ho tloaeleha, le boitsebiso ba likokoana-hloko bo etsoa motheong ona, e le hore mefuta e sa tšoaneng ea likokoana-hloko e ka khetholloa, 'me boleng ba ho lemoha bo phahame.Mekhoa ea setso ea ho lemoha haholo-holo e kenyelletsa smear microscopy, setso sa karohano le karabelo ea biochemical, le setso sa lisele tsa lisele.

1 Smear microscopy

Likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic li nyane ka boholo 'me boholo ba tsona ha li na mebala ebile lia fetoha.Ka mor'a ho li silafatsa, li ka sebelisoa ho shebella boholo ba tsona, sebōpeho, tlhophiso, joalo-joalo ka thuso ea microscope.Tlhahlobo e tobileng ea smear staining microscopic e bonolo ebile e potlakile, 'me e ntse e sebetsa ho mafu ao likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic tse nang le mefuta e khethehileng, tse kang tšoaetso ea gonococcal, lefuba la Mycobacterium, tšoaetso ea spirochetal, joalo-joalo bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pele ea pele.Mokhoa oa ho hlahloba ka ho toba photomicroscopic o potlakile, 'me o ka sebelisoa bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pono ea likokoana-hloko tse nang le mefuta e khethehileng.Ha e hloke lisebelisoa le lisebelisoa tse khethehileng.E ntse e le mokhoa oa bohlokoa haholo oa ho lemoha likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic lilaboratoring tsa motheo.

2 Setso sa karohano le karabelo ea biochemical

Tloaelo ea karohano e sebelisoa haholo-holo ha ho na le mefuta e mengata ea libaktheria 'me e' ngoe ea tsona e hloka ho aroloa.E sebelisoa haholo ho sekhohlela, mantleng, maling, marong a 'mele, joalo-joalo. Kaha baktheria e hola le ho ikatisa ka nako e telele, mokhoa ona oa teko o hloka nako e itseng., 'Me e ke ke ea sebetsoa ka lihlopha, kahoo lefapha la bongaka le 'nile la tsoela pele ho etsa lipatlisiso ka sena, ho sebelisa koetliso e ikemetseng le lisebelisoa tsa boitsebiso ho ntlafatsa mekhoa ea koetliso ea setso le ho ntlafatsa ho nepahala ha ho lemoha.

3 Tloaelo ea lisele tsa lisele

Lisele tsa lisele li kenyelletsa chlamydia, livaerase le rickettsiae.Kaha mefuta ea lisele tsa lisele tsa likokoana-hloko tse fapaneng li fapane, ka mor'a hore lisele li tlosoe ho likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic, lisele tse phelang li tlameha ho hlahisoa ke subculture.Likokoana-hloko tse lengoang li kenngoa liseleng tsa lisele bakeng sa ho lengoa ho fokotsa liphetoho tsa lisele tsa lisele ka hohle kamoo ho ka khonehang.Ho phaella moo, ha ho ntse ho etsoa lisele tsa lisele, likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic li ka kenngoa ka ho toba liphoofolong tse nang le kutloelo-bohloko, 'me joale litšobotsi tsa likokoana-hloko li ka lekoa ho latela liphetoho tsa lisele le litho tsa liphoofolo.

02 Theknoloji ea tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso

Ka ntlafatso e tsoelang pele ea boemo ba mahlale a bongaka lefats'eng, nts'etsopele le tsoelo-pele ea theknoloji ea tlhahlobo ea limolek'hule, e ka khethollang likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic ka nepo, e ka boela ea ntlafatsa boemo ba hajoale ba ts'ebeliso ea litšoaneleho tsa kantle tsa morphological le fisioloji ts'ebetsong ea ho sibolla ea setso, 'me e ka sebelisa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse ikhethang.

1 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Polymerase chain reaction (Polymerase Chain Reaction, PCR) ke mokhoa o sebelisang li-primers tse tsebahalang tsa oligonucleotide ho tataisa le ho holisa palo e nyane ea sekhechana sa lefutso ho lekoa sekhechanang se sa tsejoeng ka har'a vitro.Hobane PCR e ka matlafatsa liphatsa tsa lefutso tse lokelang ho hlahlojoa, e loketse ka ho khetheha bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea pele ea tšoaetso ea kokoana-hloko, empa haeba li-primers li sa totobala, li ka baka maikutlo a fosahetseng.Theknoloji ea PCR e tsoetse pele ka potlako lilemong tse 20 tse fetileng, 'me botšepehi ba eona bo ntlafetse butle-butle ho tloha ho ho hōlisa liphatsa tsa lefutso ho ea ho gene cloning le phetoho le tlhahlobo ea liphatsa tsa lefutso.Mokhoa ona hape ke mokhoa oa mantlha oa ho lemoha coronavirus e ncha seoa sena.

Foregene e hlahisitse RT-PCR kit e thehiloeng ho thekenoloji ea Direct PCR, bakeng sa ho lemoha liphatsa tse tloaelehileng tsa 2, liphatsa tsa lefutso tsa 3, le mefuta e fapaneng ho tloha UK, Brazil, Afrika Boroa, le India, leloko la B.1.1.7 (UK), B.1.351 leloko (ZA), B.1.617 leloko (IND) le P.1 leloko (BR), ka ho latellana.

2 Theknoloji ea liphatsa tsa lefutso

Theknoloji ea Gene chip e bolela tšebeliso ea theknoloji ea microarray ho hokela likaroloana tsa DNA tse teteaneng haholo sebakeng se tiileng joalo ka membrane le maqephe a khalase ka tatellano e itseng kapa ka tlhophiso ka liroboto tsa lebelo le holimo kapa in-situ synthesis.Ka li-probe tsa DNA tse ngotsoeng ka isotopes kapa fluorescence, 'me ka thuso ea molao-motheo oa "base complementary hybridization", palo e kholo ea mekhoa ea lipatlisiso e kang gene expression le monitoring e entsoe.Tšebeliso ea theknoloji ea gene chip ho hlahloba likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic e ka khutsufatsa haholo nako ea ho hlahlojoa.Ka nako e ts'oanang, e ka boela ea lemoha hore na kokoana-hloko e na le khanyetso ea lithethefatsi, hore na ke lithethefatsi life tse hanyetsanang le eona, le hore na ke lithethefatsi life tse amehang, e le ho fana ka litšupiso tsa meriana ea kliniki.Leha ho le joalo, theko ea tlhahiso ea theknoloji ena e batla e phahame, 'me kutloisiso ea ho lemoha chip e hloka ho ntlafatsoa.Ka hona, theknoloji ena e ntse e sebelisoa lipatlisisong tsa laboratori 'me ha e e-s'o sebelisoe haholo mesebetsing ea bongaka.

3 Theknoloji ea hybridization ea Nucleic acid

Nucleic acid hybridization ke ts'ebetso eo ho eona likhoele tse le 'ngoe tsa li-nucleotide tse nang le tatelano ea tlatsetso ea likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic li kopanang liseleng ho etsa li-heteroduplexes.Ntho e lebisang ho hybridization ke karabelo ea lik'hemik'hale lipakeng tsa nucleic acid le probes ho khetholla likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic.Hajoale, mekhoa ea ho kopanya nucleic acid e sebelisoang ho bona likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic haholo-holo e kenyelletsa nucleic acid in situ hybridization le membrane blot hybridization.Nucleic acid in situ hybridization e bolela ho kopanngoa ha li-nucleic acid liseleng tsa pathogen tse nang le li-probes tse ngotsoeng.Membrane blot hybridization e bolela hore ka mor'a hore motho ea lekang a arole nucleic acid ea sele ea pathogen, e hloekisoa ebe e kopanngoa le tšehetso e tiileng, ebe e nyalisitsoe ka lipatlisiso tsa tlaleho.Theknoloji ea hybridization ea lichelete e na le melemo ea ts'ebetso e bonolo le e potlakileng, 'me e loketse likokoana-hloko tse nang le morero le tse nang le morero.

03 Teko ea serological

Teko ea serological e ka khetholla likokoana-hloko tsa pathogenic kapele.Molao-motheo oa motheo oa theknoloji ea tlhahlobo ea serological ke ho lemoha likokoana-hloko ka li-antigen tsa pathogen le li-antibodies.Ha ho bapisoa le karohano ea lisele tsa setso le setso, mehato ea ts'ebetso ea tlhahlobo ea serological e bonolo.Mekhoa e tloaelehileng ea ho lemoha e kenyelletsa tlhahlobo ea latex agglutination le theknoloji ea immunoassay e amanang le enzyme.Ts'ebeliso ea theknoloji ea immunoassay e amanang le enzyme e ka ntlafatsa haholo kutlo le ho nepahala ha tlhahlobo ea serological.Ha e khone ho lemoha feela antigen sampuling ea teko, empa hape e lemoha karolo ea antibody.

Ka Loetse 2020, Mokhatlo oa Mafu a tšoaetsanoang oa Amerika (IDSA) o ile oa fana ka litataiso bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea serological bakeng sa tlhahlobo ea COVID-19.

04 Teko ea ho itšireletsa mafung

Ho lemoha ha Immunological ho boetse ho bitsoa theknoloji ea karohano ea lifaha tsa immunomagnetic.Theknoloji ena e ka arola libaktheria tsa pathogenic le tse seng tsa pathogenic ho likokoana-hloko.Molao-motheo oa motheo ke: tšebeliso ea li-microspheres tsa magnetic bead ho arola antigen e le 'ngoe kapa mefuta e mengata ea likokoana-hloko tse itseng.Li-antigen li bokelloa hammoho, 'me libaktheria tsa pathogenic li arohanngoa le likokoana-hloko ka ho itšoara ha' mele oa antigen le matla a khoheli a ka ntle.

Ho lemoha li-hotspots tsa pathogen-ho lemoha pathogen ea ho hema

Foregene "Setsi sa ho lemoha likokoana-hloko tse 15 tsa tsamaiso ea ho hema" se ntse se tsoela pele.Kit e ka bona mefuta e 15 ea libaktheria tsa pathogenic ka sekhohlela ntle le tlhoko ea ho hloekisa asiti ea nucleic ka sekhohlela.Mabapi le ts'ebetso, e khutsufatsa matsatsi a 3 ho isa ho a 5 ho isa ho lihora tse 1.5.